We have recently suggested a novel mechanism, autoendocytosis, for the entry of certain microbes into their hosts, with a key role played by the sphingomyelinase-catalyzed topical conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide, the differences in the biophysical properties of these two lipids providing the driving force.The only requirement for such micro

Thermal adaptation is essential in all organisms.In yeasts, the heat shock response is commanded by the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1.Here we have integrated unbiased genetic screens with directed molecular dissection to demonstrate that multiple signalling cascades contribute to thermal adaptation in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans.We

3D printing techniques for the building industry are developing fast.Concepts like Contour printing, concrete printing concepts of the TU/E and D Shape are examples.Despite the range of techniques is broad (and Laboratory Glassware and Plasticware - Microscope Slides vary from a large gantry system, to a supersized Delta printer for example), many

Several in common use flowrate control methods in semiconductor wafer clean tool are introduced in this paper, including the flowrate control of process chamber and chemical proportioning, then corresponding control methods are brought forward according to different applications.The chemical flowrate is directly used as the feedback signal of close

The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) is a megaproject which has been constructed to alleviate imbalanced water resource distribution between northern and southern China.It encompasses three routes distributed in the east, central, and west of China, respectively.The central route (CR) of the SNWDP starts from the Danjiangkou Reservoir